[61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. PubMed Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. 2012;25:1828. 2006;5:389. 2006;79:13140. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 2004;155:3743. 2010;473:525. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. 2009;72:20514. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Brain Res. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Google Scholar. Radiat Res. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. 2016;25:31827. Motawi et al. 2008;86:718. Behav Brain Res. CAS Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Cancer Res. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. 2009;158:12639. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. as it have a harmful side. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Finally, Hardell et al. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. 2014;9:e95503. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. PubMed The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. 2000;11:4135. 2008;29:52738. millimeter, or equivalently. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. 2011;174:211. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. PubMed Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. PubMed 2000;6:18793. Wang et al. . Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Smythe JW, Costall B. 2003;80:194210. 2009;64:2314. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Vorobyov et al. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 1996;93:46938. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. 1992;6:379. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Eastern J Med. 2013;23:306. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . statement and 1993;13:41322. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. 2013;34:26474. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. 2004;2004:19. Singh et al. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Int J Radiat Biol. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. 2012;62:22336. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Megha et al. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Int J Occup Environ Health. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Google Scholar. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. 1984;4:285665. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. radiations. 2016;53:210011. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. 2012;112:1715. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;31:25074. Abe M, Bonini NM. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. CAS Clinics. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 2000;11:16413. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Exp Neurobiol. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Richter et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2003;41:26887. Annu Rev Physiol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Part of Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. 2002;5:18995. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Cell Biochem Biophys. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. 2008;22:9927. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Gold PE. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. 2015;28:1324. 2014;12:75. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Wang Q, Cao Z. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. 2012;31:6774. Gold PE. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. J Sleep Res. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Bull Exp Biol Med. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Surg Neurol. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. 2015;140:23646. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Biochem J. PubMed Central In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. 2014:125. Behav Brain Res. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Bioelectromagnetics. Interphone study group. 2015;51:15865. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. 2017;38:106976. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. 2013;42:428. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. 1992;49:1818. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Article Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Biomed Environ Sci. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Gene. 2010;1347:17985. 2010;3:4650. Mil Med Sci. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Pathophysiology. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. 2010;86:37683. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Google Scholar. CAS Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Brain Res Rev. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. 2008;169:3845. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Article Zhang et al. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 1994;10:13548. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz.